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(1924-2002) Renowned Basque sculptor whose works displayed a sense of space derived, perhaps, from his days as a professional goalkeeper The Basque sculptor Eduardo Chillida, who had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease, has died following a stroke
(1924-2002) Renowned Basque sculptor whose works displayed a sense of space derived, perhaps, from his days as a professional goalkeeper
The Basque sculptor Eduardo Chillida, who had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease, has died following a stroke at the age of 78. It has been said that the Basque people's greatest contribution to culture over the past century has been in sculpture, and Chillida was the pre-eminent of Basque artists.
Born in San Sebastian, to Pedro Chillida and the soprano Carmen Juantegui, he studied architecture at Madrid University, following a period as goalkeeper for Real Sociedad, the San Sebastian football club. He abandoned his studies in 1947, although his later sculpture retained an almost architectural understanding of form and space, inside and outside; one might even suggest he had a goalie's intuition of the conditions of space, the contestation of a territory.
Chillida's first sculptures, in plaster and clay, were of human forms - torsos and busts - but he soon moved into a realm more concrete, timeless and abstract. He moved to Paris in 1948, returning to San Sebastian two years later to marry Pilar Belzunce, who was to bear him eight children. Living near Hernani, in the province of Guipuzcoa (Gipuzkoa), he began to work in forged iron with the help of the local blacksmith, and soon set up a forge in his studio.
His work in iron owed a debt both to early Iberian iron sculpture and to Julio Gonzalez, whose works in that medium inspired Picasso and numerous later artists. Like Gonzalez, Chill ida used iron not only to make solid, massive forms, but also to produce sprightly, optically weightless, linear works which had as much to do with space as with the solid material itself.
Forged iron has something primal about it, and so too did Chillida's works in the medium: there were blocks, connected rhomboids, sturdy arcs and open cuboid forms. These were to become the syntax of his art throughout his career, both as sculptor, and as draughtsman and printmaker. But he went beyond iron, working also in stone, concrete, alabaster, steel and wood.
From quite early on, Chillida's sculpture found public recognition, and, in 1954, he produced the four doors for the basilica of Aranzazu, where works by other leading Basque sculptors - Jorge Oteiza, Agustin Ibarrola and Nesto Basterretxea - were also being installed. The following year, he carved a stone monument to the discoverer of penicillin, Sir Alexander Fleming, for a park in San Sebastian (it subsequently disappeared, but a new version has been installed on the promenade at San Sebastian bay).
In 1958, the artist represented Spain at the Venice biennale, receiving the international grand prize for sculpture, the first of numerous awards and public recognitions in his career. He was elected an honorary academician by the Royal Academy in 1983.
For Chillida, international recognition - first in Europe, then in America - followed a familiar 20th-century route. By the early 1970s, his steel sculptures had been installed in front of the Unesco headquarters in Paris, the Thyssen building in Dusseldorf, and in a courtyard at the World Bank offices in Washington, to name just three of many locations.
It is often found that such levels of public recognition, and the siting of major works in so many cities, so many countries, leads to a certain creative atrophy. But in Chillida's case, it was an opportunity to make highly poetic and extremely elegant sculptures. His most memorable public works remain the majestic Combs of the Wind (Peines del Viento), a group of three enormous, linear iron forms permanently installed on the wave-lashed rocks at the western end of San Sebastian bay, his design (with architect Luis Pena Ganchegui) of the main square at Vitoria-Gasteiz, and his 1988 monument in Guernica, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the town's destruction in the Spanish civil war. In the 1990s, he set up a foundation for the display of his work, at the Chillida Leku, centred on an old farmhouse, in the Basque countryside.
Earlier, at the 1968 Venice biennale, Chillida had met the German philosopher Martin Heidegger, and the following year illustrated his Die Kunst Und Der Raum. But while the artist may have expressed an interest in Heidegger's ideas (he also illustrated a book by the Romanian philosopher EM Cioran), his work remained deceptively simple and free of mental clutter.
Its use of planes, recesses and stepped, curved and lintel-like forms may have been partly inspired by 16th-century decorative Basque forms, but it also displays (as does Jorge Orteixa's sculpture) a kinship to the enclosed spaces and planes of Basque games - the fronton or pelota courts still built and used today in cities, towns and villages across the Basque region. There is also, in Chillida's larger works, a sense of slowed-down time in the way one must negotiate the forms and interlocking masses, and the arcs and geometries which embrace the spaces they contain.
He had, I believe, a great sense of scale, placement and rightness, rather than any consuming intellectual project. If his art had a spiritual dimension, it was linked to tenacity, endurance and the texture of the land.
This is not to diminish his achievement. There is, even in his most geometric work, a sense of sculpture as being somehow organic, and that it has a natural place in the order of things, alongside a building, a rock or a horizon. This, too, is how his work is best seen and understood.
Chillida's last public project, which may never now be realised, was for a vast cube, approached through an 80-metre-long tunnel quarried into the mountain of Tindaya, on Fuertaventura in the Canary Islands. It is difficult - following the opposition from environmentalists and archaeologists - not to see this work as fundamentally overblown and misplaced. The concept for the piece came from Chillida's idea that "quarry workers take stone out of the mountain, but without realising it they fill it with space". Some ideas, perhaps, are best left as imaginary projects.
That his work was so consummate, and complete unto itself, has meant that Chillida has had little influence on subsequent artists, either in his native Basque country or elsewhere. His place, however, as someone who symbolised the resurgence of Basque culture in the latter half of the 20th century, against many odds, is assured.
His wife and children survive him.
Eduardo Chillida, sculptor, born January 10 1924; died August 19 2002.
In: http://arts.guardian.co.uk/critic/feature/0,1169,781972,00.html#article_continue
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Eduardo Chillida Juantegui nace el diez de enero de 1924 en San Sebastián. Tercer hijo de Pedro Chillida y su mujer, la soprano Carmen Juantegui, a los 19 ańos comienza la carrera de Arquitectura en la Universidad de Madrid; antes, en su ciudad natal fue portero titular de fútbol de la Real Sociedad. En pocos ańos decide abandonar los estudios de Arquitectura para dibujar en el Círculo de Bellas Artes de Madrid. Realiza sus primeras piezas en escultura.
Su obra empieza a tomar cuerpo cuando se traslada a París y realiza sus primeras esculturas en yeso, impresionado por la escultura griega arcaica del Museo del Louvre. Comienza su amistad con el pintor Pablo Palazuelo.
En 1950 se casa con Pilar Belzunce en San Sebastián. Juntos se trasladan a Vellennes-sous-Bois, en la región de Seine-et-Oise (Francia). Un ańo después nace el primero de sus ocho hijos y pronto la familia regresa definitivamente a San Sebastián. Chillida comienza a trabajar en la fragua de Manuel Illarramendi, en Hernani. Realiza la primera pieza en hierro, Ilarik.
La obra del escultor Eduardo Chillida se caracteriza por su introducción en los espacios abiertos, integrándose para formar parte de ellos. Así, sus esculturas salen de su encierro en los museos, Ťtoman la calleť y se acercan a cualquier persona que lo desee. Por ejemplo, El peine de los vientos se abre al mar de San Sebastián; la Plaza de los Fueros de Vitoria hace desear al espectador introducirse en ella para desvelar sus misterios... Y así también Lo profundo es el aire, del Museo de Escultura Espańola del Siglo XVII, en Valladolid; su Puerta de la Libertad, del barrio gótico de Barcelona; y, la que tal vez sea su obra más emblemática, Gure Aitaren Etxea, en Gernika.
A lo largo de su vida, Chillida recogió infinidad de condecoraciones y de premios, además de participar en centenares de exposiciones alrededor del mundo entero. Por ejemplo, la Bienal de Venecia (1958), el premio Carnegie (1965) o el Rembrandt (1975).
También le fueron otorgados el Príncipe de Asturias en 1987 y la Orden Imperial de Japón en 1991. Asimismo, recibió la distinción como académico de Bellas Artes en Madrid, Boston y Nueva York, y la de convertirse en Doctor Honoris Causa por la Universidad de Alicante (1996). Ahora, gran parte de su obra, quizá las piezas más queridas por el autor, pueden disfrutarse en el Chillida Leku, un museo a la medida de sus obras: al aire libre, en un paisaje privilegiado donde obra y medio se integran a la perfección, o dentro del recinto, donde las manos quieren tocar esas obras llenas de secretos y sorpresas, a través de las cuales se puede observar la realidad desde una nueva perspectiva.
Su familia siempre estuvo de su lado no sólo en lo personal, sino también en lo profesional. Además de heredar el gusto por el arte, su mujer e hijos lo impulsaron para sacar adelante proyectos tan ambiciosos como el Chillida Leku y la montańa mágica de Tindaya.
El día 19 de agosto de 2002 falleció en su ciudad de San Sebastián, en su casa del Monte Igueldo.
In: http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/chillida/biografia.htm

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Eduardo Chillida was born in San Sebastian in 1924. From 1943 to 1947 he studied architecture in Madrid, before deciding to become a sculptor. He showed his work in Paris in the fifties, where he met Brancusi. The philosopher Gaston Bachelard nicknamed him "the Blacksmith" on account of his passion for the large-scale metal sculpture.
He also use others materials, such as wood, granite, and more modern ones such as stainless steel ansd concrete. His work on paper is an important part of his output, when he used ink, pencil or engraving, which he perfectly mastered, he would apply the same principle as to his sculpture. In order to obtain different levels, he would cut pieces out and make holes in the layers, treated in collage of newspaper, wrapping-paper etc., sometimes tied up with string. Chillida was awarded several prizes for his prints (etchings) and his sculpture, and his works were the Spanish exhibit at the 1958 Venice Biennale. In 1998 the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid held a big exhibitionof his work ; his first major retrospective show was held in 2001 at le Jeu de Paume in Paris.
Chillida died in 2002 ; his sculptures, drawings, etchings and illustrated books feature in major public and private collections worldwide. The Chillida museum in San Sebastian has forty some works on display in the grounds of a sixteenth-century estate. In: http://www.michelfillion.com/oeuvres_eng.php?artiste=CHILLIDA

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1924 Born in San Sebastian on January 10th
1964 Awarded Carnegie Prize for his sculpture at Pittsburgh International
1966 Won Wilhelm-Lehmbruck prize and the Nordrhein-Westfalen Prize at Düsseldorf
1991 Received the Imperial Prize created by the Japan Art Association
2002 Died on August 19, 2002
Studied architecture University of Madrid, Spain

Selected Exhibitions
2004 Galerie Lelong, Zürich
Galerie Lelong, Paris
2003 Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Wakefield, Great Britain
State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona
2001 Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Paris
2000 Opening of the Chillida Museum in Leku, Hernani (Guipuzcoa)
Galerie Lelong, Zürich
1999 Galerie Biedermann Munich, Germany
Galerie Lelong, Paris
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
1998 Galerie Biedermann Munich, Germany
IVAM, Valencia
Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid
Museum Würth, Künzelsau-Gaisbach
1997 Tasende Gallery Los Angeles, CA
1995 Galerie Biedermann Munich, Germany
Galerie Lelong - Paris
1993 Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt
1992 Galerie Biedermann Munich, Germany
Palais Miramar, San Sebastian
1990 Hayward Gallery London, England
44th Biennale de Venise
Galerie Lelong - Paris
1989 Galerie Biedermann Munich, Germany
Kunstmuseum, Bonn; Westfalische Landesmuseum, Münster
1988 43rd Biennale de Venise
Galerie Lelong, Zürich
1985 Galerie Biedermann Munich, Germany
1985 Tasende Gallery La Jolla, CA
1984 Mary-Anne Martin/Fine Art New York,NY
Creation of the Chillida Foundation at Caserio Zabalaga, Hernani (Guipuzcoa)
1983 Galerie Herbert Meyerellinger Frankfurt, Germany
1981 Galerie Beyeler Basel, Switzerland
1981 Museum of FIne Art Bilbao, Spain
1980 Ministry of Culture, Palacio de Cristal Madrid, Spain
1980 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum New York, NY
1979 National Gallery Washington D.C., USA
1979 Museum of Art Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
1977 Galeria Iolas Velasco Madrid, Spain
Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts Harvard University, Boston, MA
Creation of the "Peinges du Vents" on the San Sebastian Bay
1974 Galerie d'Art Moderne Basel, Switzerland
1974 The Hastings Gallery, Spanish Institute New York, NY
1972 First retrospective of graphic works held at the Ulm Museum in Germany
1969 Kunstmuseum Basel
Kunsthaus Zürich; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
1968 Exhibited a number of sculptures for the inauguration of the Documenta IV at Kassel
1966 Important exhibition at the Museum Wilhelm-Lehmbruck, Duisburg; wins Wilhelm-Lehmbruck prize
1965 McRoberts and Tunnard Gallery London, England
1964 Galerie Maeght Paris, France
1962 Kunsthalle, Bâle
"Picasso, Miró, Chillida", Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
1961 Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Texas
1956 First large exhibition held at the Galerie Maeght Paris, France
1954 Clan Gallery Madrid, Spain

Literature
2004 Chillida, Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona
2004 Eduardo Chillida, Éloge de l’horizon, interviews compiled and prefaced by Susana Chillida - Éditions Galerie Lelong
2001 "Chillida", Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume, Paris - Editions du Jeu de Paume / Réunion des musées nationaux
1998 "Chillida : Retrospectiva 1948-1998", Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid
In: http://www.artnet.com/artist/3983/eduardo-chillida.html

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Presentation | Biography | Press Room
EDUARDO CHILLIDA was born January 10, 1924 in Saint Sébastien (Spain). He died August 19, 2002.

His first exposition took place in Paris in 1950. The same year, he married Pilar Belzunce.

Throughout his life, he received neary every existing award: from the Venice Biennial of Kandinsky to the Wilhem Lehmbruck at the Principe de Asturias, from the german Kaiserring to the Imperial Prize of Japan.

His work is presented in more than twenty museums worldwide and retrospective expositions were created in Houston and Berlin, Madrid and Caracas, London and Palermo. His sculptures are found by the sea, like in Saint Sébastien, or in the mountains, like in Japan, and in cities such as Washington, Paris, Lund, Munster, Madrid, Palma De Mallorca, Guernica and Berlin. Numerous architects, mathematiciens, philosophers, such as Martin Heidegger and Emile Cioran, and poets, such as Octavio Paz, have written about his work.

Gaston Bachelard nicknamed him "the blacksmith" because of his taste for monumental metal sculptures. Chillida also worked with other materials: wood, iron, granite, and more contemporary materials like concrete and steel.

His works on paper are an important part of his creation. In ink, in pencil, or using the engraving technique that he mastered perfectly, these works follow the same principles as his sculptures.

To create different levels in his works, Chillida created collages of cut-out newspapers, packaging paper, etc. He could even put holes in his paper supports, holding them together with threads.

His first personal exposition at the Maeght Gallery took place in 1956. In Adrien Maeght's workshop, he created sublime engravings and lithographs. An important granite scupture of his is installed in the garden of the Maeght Foundation, which devoted a brilliant exposition to him and presented a collection of his studies of hands in ceramic sculpture in 2005.

In 1958, Chillida represented Spain at the Venice Biennial. In 1998, the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid devoted a large exposition to him. The Chillida Museum, in Saint-Sébastien, houses roughly forty of his works in an open air space in the heart of a XVI century property.
In: http://maeght.com/galeries/artiste_detail.asp?id=45

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